Kenney, 1937. Does Attack Advertising Demobilize the Electorate? Polarization in the Media During an Election Campaign: A Dynamic Network Model Predicting Support and Attack Among Political Actors. Modelling Negative Campaigning. When mandatory voting is not part of a country's laws, then voter participation can be very low. Different sources for measuring negative campaigning may affect the results obtained (Haselmayer et al. 2014. 2017). 2010. Department of Government, University of Vienna, Rooseveltplatz 3/1, 1090, Vienna, Austria, You can also search for this author in Ceron, A., and G. dAdda. Communication Methods and Measures 12(23): 140157. Soroka, S.N. 1992. Parsimony and Complexity: Developing and Testing Theories of Affective Intelligence. J.A. The most important decision is probably between direct and indirect communication channels. forthcoming. This relates to the surplus of information to negative messages by both, media and the public (Druckman et al. Party messages distributed on Twitter, Facebook or other social media channels are likely to differ in content and tone from more established tools such as party ads or press releases. The conclusion summarizes the state of the art and outlines avenues for future research. Lanahan: Rowman & Littlefield. Gin: Is It Good For You? Pros and Cons, Nutrition, and More - WebMD These examples illustrate that negative campaigning takes a variety of forms. Thus far, there have been doubts on how to reliably gather a more nuanced measure of negative campaigning in quantitative studies (Lau and Brown Rovner 2009). Incumbents benefit from their ability to emphasize their record in government and should therefore run rather positive campaigns (Benoit 1999). Redlawsk. By painting their opponents negatively, politicians want to create a sense of urgency among their current supporters (and new supporters) and encourage them to get out and vote. On the other hand, even opposition parties aspiring government membership may have to restrain from heavy attacks against potential coalition partners to preserve their office-seeking aspirations (De Nooy and Kleinnijenhuis 2015). The Positive Case for Negative Campaigning. I am further grateful for comments on earlier drafts from Thomas M. Meyer and Wolfgang C. Mller.
